Skin cancer

Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide – and its incidence is steadily increasing in Switzerland as well. The term "skin cancer" encompasses various malignant changes in the skin. A fundamental distinction is made between melanoma (black skin cancer) and non-melanoma skin cancer, which includes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. While non-melanoma skin cancer usually grows slowly and rarely metastasizes, melanoma is considered particularly dangerous because it can spread to other organs early on.

But what does skin cancer actually look like? Skin cancer can appear in many different ways: as a new or changing mole, as an asymmetrical spot, as a skin change with multiple colors, or as a nodule with a pearly or reddish appearance. Non-healing wounds or scabs can also be warning signs.

Since the prognosis for skin cancer depends crucially on the timing of diagnosis, the earlier it is detected, the better it can be treated. Regular checkups with a dermatologist are therefore a key component of your skin health.

At DERM ART Winterthur, you benefit from state-of-the-art diagnostic technology – including digital dermoscopy and FotoFinder – as well as an experienced team of specialized dermatologists. If you notice a skin change or something is worrying you, book your preventative appointment now.

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White skin cancer – forms and diagnosis

White skin cancer is the most common form of skin cancer, accounting for around 90% of all cases. It is primarily caused by long-term or repeated UV exposure – both from sunlight and tanning beds. Areas of the body frequently exposed to the sun are particularly affected.

Face, bridge of nose, forehead

Ears and lips

scalp

neck and shoulders

Forearms and back of hands

Because white skin cancer grows slowly and often has recognizable precursors, it can be treated very well if diagnosed early.

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer worldwide. It grows locally, but if left untreated, it destroys surrounding tissue. Typical appearances include reddish or skin-colored nodules, glassy raised areas with fine blood vessels, scar-like changes, or non-healing wounds. Metastases are rare, but early treatment is crucial to protect deeper structures.

Spinalioma (squamous cell carcinoma / spinocellular carcinoma)

Squamous cell carcinoma originates from cells in the spinous layer of the skin and is more common in older people. It often develops from actinic keratoses, rough, scaly sunburn lesions, which are considered a precursor. Compared to basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma is more likely to metastasize, especially if it is detected late. Typical symptoms include crusted, poorly healing skin lesions that may bleed or ooze.

Recognize early stages in time

Actinic keratoses: rough, sun-damaged, can develop into carcinoma in up to 10% of cases.

Bowen's disease: scaly, reddish patches that resemble eczema and, if left untreated, can develop into squamous cell carcinoma.

Diagnosis & Early Detection

If dermatology is suspected, the dermatologist examines the affected areas with a dermatoscope and takes a biopsy if necessary. Many lesions can be completely removed in the early stages or treated gently with modern treatment methods.

Early detection is crucial – those who regularly check their skin and seek prompt medical attention if they notice any abnormalities have excellent chances of recovery.

Black skin cancer (melanoma)

Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer in Switzerland and is considered the most dangerous form of skin cancer. Around a quarter of those affected are under 50 years old at the time of diagnosis. Melanoma originates from the pigment-producing cells of the skin, the melanocytes, and can develop from existing moles or as a new skin lesion. Less frequently, it occurs on mucous membranes, the eyes, or under the nails.

Origin and causes

Melanoma is primarily caused by intense or prolonged UV radiation – whether from frequent sun exposure or the use of tanning beds. Repeated sunburns, especially at a young age, significantly increase the risk of developing the disease. Other risk factors include:

light skin type

many or irregular moles

family history

UV radiation can damage the genetic material of melanocytes, thereby promoting the development of a malignant tumor. Melanoma is particularly dangerous because it can metastasize early and thus become life-threatening.

Symptoms and warning signs

Melanomas can look very different. They often appear as dark, irregular spots that change in shape, color, or size. They can be flat or raised and can occur anywhere on the body – not just on sun-exposed areas of skin.

Warning signs can include:

spontaneous bleeding from a mole

new color or shape changes

blurry edges

Poorly healing areas

In later stages, a melanoma may itch, bleed, or heal poorly. Pain is rare.

A helpful tool for self-monitoring is the ABCDE rule : Asymmetry, Boundary, Color, Diameter and Development.

diagnosis

To make a diagnosis, the dermatologist examines the skin change using a dermatoscope or epiluminescence microscope. If a skin condition is suspected, a tissue sample is taken or the affected area is completely removed for histological analysis.

Additionally, an ultrasound can be used to determine tumor thickness and detect indications of possible spread. Based on the examination results, an individualized treatment plan is created.

Why early detection is so important

Melanoma detected at an early stage is, in most cases, completely curable. However, as the tumor thickens, the risk of metastasis increases significantly. Therefore, regular skin checks, both by a dermatologist and through self-examination, are crucial for successful prevention and treatment.

Treatment of melanoma (black skin cancer)

In the treatment of melanoma, the complete removal of the tumor is always the primary goal. The melanoma is surgically removed with a safety margin, and the removed tissue is then analyzed in the laboratory. For tumors thicker than 1 mm, a sentinel lymph node biopsy may also be necessary to detect any potential spread at an early stage.

Additional or supportive therapies depending on the stage:

Immunotherapy: activates the immune system specifically against tumor cells

Targeted drugs: block growth-related signaling pathways

Radiation therapy: especially for metastases in sensitive regions

Chemotherapy: less common today, but still useful in individual cases

Which combination is suitable will be determined individually during a medical consultation.

Treatment of white skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma)

For non-melanoma skin cancers, surgical removal is usually the first and very effective form of treatment. This is generally performed on an outpatient basis and often leads to a complete cure in the case of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas.

Why aftercare is important:

New skin changes can occur at any time.

Skin cancer that is detected early can be treated much more effectively.

Regular checkups help to detect skin cancer early and prevent relapses.

Whether it's white or black skin cancer: careful follow-up care helps to detect recurring tumors or new skin changes early. Both professional skin checks and regular self-examinations are crucial for early detection of skin cancer and significantly improving the chances of a cure.

How can I detect skin cancer early and effectively prevent it?

It is one of the most common, but also one of the most treatable types of cancer – provided it is detected early. These tips can significantly reduce your risk:

Use sunscreen daily: Apply a sunscreen with a high sun protection factor every day – even on cloudy days. UV radiation is the main cause.

Avoid direct sunlight: UV radiation is strongest between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. Seek shade and wear protective clothing during this time.

Avoid tanning beds: Artificial UV radiation damages the skin almost as much as natural sunlight – and significantly increases the risk.

Regular self-monitoring: Pay attention to new or changing spots and other changes. Early detection often means easier treatment.

Annual check-up: A professional examination by experienced dermatologists is the safest method for early detection – especially for high-risk patients.

Pay attention to warning signs: Itching, bleeding, blurred edges or rapid changes in size should always be checked by a doctor.

Being mindful of sun exposure and having regular check-ups are the best ways to protect yourself.